Saat ini, industri manufaktur fotovoltaik Eropa sedang menuju peremajaan. John Lindahl, Sekretaris-Jenderal Dewan Manufaktur Tenaga Surya Eropa, menganalisis tantangan dan peluang yang dihadapi oleh produsen fotovoltaik Eropa dan mengeksplorasi cara membentuk serangkaian sasaran untuk rantai industri fotovoltaik lengkap 100GW pada tahun 2030. .
In 2021, Meyer Burger's 400MW solar module line was officially launched. By 2022, its battery line will expand to 1.4GW, and its module line will expand to 1GW. The final annual production target is 5GW.
While Europe remains one of the world's largest PV installation markets, its once-booming PV manufacturing industry was stalled about a decade ago by rapidly rising Asian rivals.
In 2021, the EU reached an agreement on climate targets to cut net carbon emissions by 55 percent by 2030. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of the level of solar energy utilization and the increasingly prominent issue of sustainable development, in the past few years, the call for reviving the EU's photovoltaic manufacturing capacity has become more and more loud. Perhaps, 2022 will give the answer.
In April last year, the European Solar Manufacturing Council (ESMC) said that at least 75 percent of Europe's PV demand should be produced in Europe. However, according to data released by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in its 2021 Photovoltaic Report, although European polysilicon production capacity is 22.1GW in 2020, solar wafer production capacity is only 1.25GW, and solar cell production capacity is only 1.25GW. It is 650MW, and the solar module capacity is 6.75GW. Therefore, there is still a long way to go to realize the revival of the EU photovoltaic manufacturing industry.
Di bawah ini adalah analisis Johan Lindahl, Sekretaris Jenderal Dewan Manufaktur Tenaga Surya Eropa ESMC, tentang perkembangan PV saat ini di Eropa, tantangan dan peluang yang dihadapi produsen PV, dan mengidentifikasi rencana untuk mencapai kapasitas skala -GW.
1. Tantangan:
1) China's intangible and extensive grants, loans, credits and tax support;
2) Dukungan hibah yang jelas dan ekstensif dari AS dan India;
3) Penyebaran teknologi inovasi fotovoltaik UE di pasar lokal terbatas, dan hak kekayaan intelektual serta paten tidak dilindungi dengan benar di pasar eksternal UE;
4) Standar manufaktur dan tenaga kerja fotovoltaik Eropa ketat, tetapi tidak ada standar yang sesuai di pasar eksternal UE;
5) Masalah harga modul PV dan rantai pasokan yang berpotensi lebih tinggi merupakan masalah struktural.
2. Peluang:
1) European PV industry production becomes cost-competitive. The price difference between European and Asian products has narrowed due to the current significant increase in production and shipping costs and delivery times for Asian products. For European PV manufacturing to be price-competitive, two conditions must exist, namely GW-scale manufacturing capacity; and a complete European manufacturing value chain. The EU needs to keep the value chain intact to meet at least part of our needs that don't need to be imported, despite the fact that imports are of course still an important factor.
2) Eropa masih memimpin dalam inovasi teknologi PV, tetapi hanya jika basis manufaktur industri masih ada. Teknologi permukaan belakang aluminium sel surya tradisional (Al BSF) memiliki efisiensi konversi 18-22 persen dan saat ini sedang digantikan oleh teknologi PERC dan teknologi evolusinya, yang memungkinkan efisiensi sel surya mencapai 20{{6} }24 persen , sedangkan biaya peningkatan jalur produksi Sedang. Berdasarkan teknologi heterojunction (HJT) atau TOPCon, generasi ketiga sel fotovoltaik efisiensi tinggi-akan mencapai efisiensi 23-26 persen. Saat ini, biaya produksinya sama dengan sel PERC, keduanya 20-30 sen/Wp. Baterai efisiensi tinggi memungkinkan biaya pembangkitan listrik yang kompetitif atau bahkan lebih rendah bahkan dengan harga komponen yang lebih tinggi. Di masa depan, mungkin ada peningkatan teknologi lebih lanjut, seperti sel tandem silikon perovskit dengan efisiensi melebihi 30 persen . Kemajuan teknologi ini masih memimpin di Eropa, membuka jalan bagi penyebaran global PV skala terawatt.
3) Kerangka kebijakan pembangunan-jangka panjang untuk energi terbarukan di Eropa telah ditetapkan. Kesepakatan Hijau Eropa dan gelombang inovasi telah membangun kepercayaan bagi investor dan pengembang.
4) The emergence of sustainable, carbon-neutral eco-design concepts and specific standards under consideration, including recently announced measures to address distortions in foreign subsidies in the EU market, are the driving force behind the EU's transition to a green and innovative energy system and economy. Growing customer concerns about carbon footprints will have a structural impact on PV manufacturing. Compared to current Asian products, using PV modules produced in Europe reduces carbon consumption, avoids long-distance transportation, and better eco-design parameters. The importance of this aspect will increase over the next few years.
5) Metode penyebaran baru yang menggabungkan konsep fotovoltaik ke dalam sistem terintegrasi memungkinkan manufaktur fotovoltaik Eropa mewujudkan keunggulan kompetitif yang potensial. Berbagai solusi inovatif sedang dikembangkan dan berkembang pesat di berbagai bidang, antara lain Building plus Photovoltaic (BIPV), Vehicle plus Photovoltaic (VIPV), Floating Body plus Photovoltaic (FPV) dan Agriculture plus Photovoltaic (APV). Pabrikan PV Eropa dapat mengambil manfaat dari kebutuhan spesifik Eropa dan lokal, karena sistem terintegrasi memerlukan solusi yang lebih individual.
3. Proporsi kapasitas produksi global industri fotovoltaik Eropa pada setiap mata rantai industri pada tahun 2020 adalah sebagai berikut:
1. 11 persen dari produksi silikon PV global: kapasitas 22.1GW (Elkem dan Wacker)
2. 1 persen dari produksi wafer surya silikon PV global: kapasitas 1,25GW (Norsun, Norwegian Crystals, dan EDF Photowatt)
3. 0,4 persen produksi sel silikon fotovoltaik global: 0, kapasitas 65GW (Solitek/Valoe, Enel, Ecosolifer)
4. 3 persen dari produksi modul global: kapasitas 6,75GW (29 perusahaan berbeda)
5. 25 persen dari keluaran inverter.
In the above scenario, Europe's installed PV capacity in 2020 accounts for 15 percent of the global total. Therefore, if Europe wants to become self-reliant, it needs to step up the production of wafers, cells and modules.
Currently, Europe has a very negative trade deficit in photovoltaic cells and modules. The table below shows the total value of import and export trade of photosensitive semiconductor devices (including photovoltaic cells assembled into modules or panels) and light-emitting diodes in Europe.
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